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Материал из свободной русской энциклопедии «Традиция»
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Не удалось преобразовать TeX в MML с помощью серверного MathJax: ошибка: 
/var/www/wiki/w/extensions/MathJax/node_modules/esm/esm.js:1
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У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Адаптация.
Один из механизмов световой адаптации человеческого глаза - изменение диаметра зрачка (радужки).
На видеозаписи в реальном времени показана реакция зрачка (сужение ириса) в ответ на световую вспышку.

Адапта́ция гла́за — способность глаза приспособиться к меняющимся условиям зрительного восприятия.

1. Световая адаптация - одно из главных проявлений адаптации - приспособление к различным условиям освещения, комплекс физиологических процессов, обеспечивающих эффективную работу зрения на ярком свету (дневное зрение), в сумерках (сумеречное зрение), и при очень слабом освещении (ночное зрение).

2. Цветовая адаптация позволяет зрительной системе поддерживать достаточно точное восприятие цвета (см. константность цвета) при некотором изменении спектрального состава освещения.

3. Аккомодация глаза обеспечивает резкость изображения на сетчатке - необходимое условие для получения качественного зрительного образа.

Светочувствительные рецепторы глаза - палочки и колбочки - очень чувствительны к "перегрузке" световыми квантами, поэтому природа предусмотрела эшелонированную систему их защиты от повреждения.

В процесс световой адаптации глаза вовлечены следующие механизмы:

- изменение диаметра отверстия зрачка (не основной механизм адаптации);

- изменение чувствительности фоточувствительных пигментов содержащихся в рецепторах сетчатки глаза родопсина, хлоролаба и эритролаба в процессе их разложения под воздействием света или восстановления при слабом освещении (основной механизм адаптации).

Зрачок изменяется в диаметре от 2 до 8 мм, при этом его площадь (и световой поток через отверстие зрачка) изменяются приблизительно в 16 раз. Сокращение зрачка происходит за 3-5 с, а его полное расширение требует 5 мин., за первые 10 с зрачок расширяется почти на 70 % своего диаметра.

При недостаточности этих защитных механизмов человек вынужден прищуривать веки, или даже закрывать глаза рукой от слишком яркого света.

Темновая и световая адаптация[править | править код]

Изменения чувствительности глаза человека при переходе от яркого света в полную темноту, так называемая темновая адаптация, изучены более полно; процессы, протекающие при переходе от темноты к свету (световая адаптация) более сложны.

При переходе от яркого света к темноте чувствительность глаза к свету возрастает, вначале быстро, а затем более медленно, причём каждый из этапов коррекции светочувствительности занимает определённое время.

  • Темновая адаптация длится 1,5-2 часа. Но уже к концу первого часа чувствительность глаза увеличивается в \(10^4-10^5\) раз, так что зрительный анализатор оказывается способным различить изменения яркости очень слабого источника света, вызванные статистическими флуктуациями количества излучаемых фотонов.
  • Световая адаптация происходит быстрее, и занимает при средней яркости до 4-7 минут. Такие большие изменения чувствительности наблюдаются только у глаза человека, а также у тех животных, сетчатка которых, как и у человека, содержит палочки. Темновая адаптация свойственна и колбочкам: она заканчивается быстрее и чувствительность колбочкового восприятия возрастает лишь в 10-100 раз.

Одним из методов изучения темновой и световой адаптации глаз у животных является метод электрических потенциалов, возникающих в сетчатке (электроретинограмма) и в зрительном нерве под действием света. Полученные результаты согласуются с данными, полученными методом адаптометрии, основанном на исследовании появления у человека субъективного ощущения света, после резкого перехода от яркого света к полной темноте.

Zeitlicher Verlauf der Anpassung des Auges an Dunkelheit. Rot: Zapfen. Blau: Stäbchen. Der Schnittpunkt der beiden Kurven beim Übergang von photopischem Zapfensehen zu skotopischem Stäbchensehen wird Kohlrausch-Knick genannt.


См. также[править | править код]

Примечания[править | править код]

Внешние ссылки[править | править код]

Источник — https://traditio.wiki/w/index.php?title=Адаптация_глаза&oldid=841370